The frequency range of 30–999 kHz was selected to ensure optimal performance, user comfort, and regulatory safety for Proton i's high-frequency electrical stimulation module (Pulse Output). The goal is to deliver perceptually quiet, non-invasive electrical signals that engage with the body's surface systems without triggering discomfort, muscle contractions, or thermal effects.

Why 30 kHz as the starting point?

Neuromuscular neutrality:Frequencies below ~10 kHz may trigger sensory and motor nerve responses, leading to involuntary muscle twitching. By initiating at 30 kHz, Proton i bypasses this range entirely, ensuring the signal remains imperceptible to the user and free from muscular engagement.
Electrophysical silence:Frequencies in the 30–100 kHz band are known to pass through biological tissue without significant capacitive resistance or perceptible sensation, enabling “silent” stimulation that does not disrupt daily activity or cause skin irritation.
Signal clarity and control:Frequencies above 20–30 kHz are less prone to 60 Hz electrical interference (from the power grid) and ambient electromagnetic noise. This allows for more stable, interference-resistant operation, improving the fidelity of modulated waveforms.

Why extend up to 999 kHz?

Fine-tuned modulation:Operating in a higher-frequency domain enables narrower pulse shaping, more advanced envelope control, and a broader design space for energy profiles. This allows the engineering team to craft complex stimulation patterns without compromising comfort.
Non-thermal interaction:Frequencies up to 999 kHz can be safely delivered at ultra-low current levels (under 3 mA RMS) without generating heat in tissues. This makes the system compatible with prolonged contact use (up to 30–60 minutes) while remaining within conservative safety margins.
Component optimization:The selected frequency range aligns with off-the-shelf RF-grade capacitors, precision oscillators, and medical-grade isolation circuitry — making the hardware compact, reliable, and cost-efficient.

Human safety and comfort

All outputs are contact-delivered, with internal impedance regulation to keep current flow under globally recognized safety thresholds (e.g., IEC 60601-1).The device operates without capacitive coupling through air, eliminating risks of unintended emission or high-voltage spikes.Dual-mode architecture (Mode A and B) allows tailoring of frequency bands to different comfort zones or user sensitivity levels.

Summary

The 30–999 kHz range is a deliberate engineering choice, optimized for:

This frequency design ensures that Proton i remains a wellness device — grounded in electrical engineering best practices and built to support personal wellness on your terms.